Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data by OECD

Author:OECD
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: science
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2019-11-26T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

← 1. This property is at the source of significant spill-overs, which provide the major theoretical link to multi-factor productivity growth according to a number of scholars including Corrado, Hulten and Sichel (2009[40]).

← 2. The OECD (2015[1]) suggests that data can be considered as the new “research and development” (R&D), i.e. as input to innovation for 21st-century innovation systems. Both, data and R&D share a number of common properties: both are intangible assets that can be combined with other innovation investments like training, software, organisational change, etc.; both enable the creation of knowledge with positive externalities or spill-overs across society; and both face the challenge of these externalities possibly negatively impacting on incentives to invest. Organisations may well be able to capture the private benefits of their investment in data, but do not yet always see the larger benefits that the data can bring to society.

← 3. See findings of the Copenhagen Workshop (www.oecd.org/internet/ieconomy/expert-workshop-enhanced-access-to-data-reconciling-risks-and-benefits-of-data-re-use.htm) for more details and for a discussion of the economic conditions under which data can be considered an infrastructural resource.

← 4. Current studies significantly differ in terms of the scope of the sectors (e.g. whether the public sector and/or the private sector was included), the types of data (e.g. whether personal, proprietary or public data was included), and the degrees of data openness (and the arrangements included such as open data) as well as the methodologies, including in particular the different level of the impact assessed (i.e. whether the effects were assessed at the organisational, sectoral or macroeconomic level).

← 5. These can be decomposed in the following categories of data: i) economic, business and legal information (GBP 24 million); ii) geographical information (GBP 25 million); iii) environmental and scientific information (GBP 16.5 million); and iv) other information.

← 6. These are based on 2011 data and include around GBP 100 million in revenues generated from sales of PSI, GBP 100 million through supply chain effects from increased jobs and related consumer spending from the production of PSI, and GBP 1.6 billion through consumer surplus from direct use and consumption PSI related products.

← 7. Tasman (2008[4]) estimates that 4.00% to 5.14% of total factor productivity gain in fisheries are based on the re-use of geospatial data from the public sector, around 1.93% in forestry, 1.40% to 1.53% in road transport, 1.35% to 1.50% in sheep/cattle, 0.98% to 1.32% in communication and 0.93% to 1.08% in agriculture.

← 8. The induced impact of the use and re-use of geospatial data in New Zealand is estimated to generate values worth NZD 1.2 billion in 2009, which also corresponds to 0.6% of GDP (Tasman, 2009[5]).

← 9. The OECD (2015[8]) concludes that there could be close to USD 200 billion of additional gains to the indirect benefits if barriers to use of data were removed, skills enhanced and the data infrastructure improved.

← 10. Altogether, over 50% of the total potential value of open data is estimated to be generated from consumer and customer surplus (McKinsey Global Institute, 2013[10]). The largest share of the

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